International Leprosy Association -
History of Leprosy

    • International Leprosy Association -
    History of Leprosy

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    Professor William Cairns Stewart Smith

    Status Physician
    Country United Kingdom

    Notes

    William Cairns Stewart Smith was born on 8th February 1951. He attended the University of Aberdeen, where he gained his conjoint Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery with merits in Surgery and Pathology in 1974. In 1982 he gained a Masters degree in Public Health from the University of Dundee and became a Member of the Faculty of Community Medicine for an award-winning thesis on Herd Immunity to Polioviruses. He gained his MD from the University of Aberdeen in 1986 with a thesis on the ‘Evaluation of a Leprosy Control Programme in India’ and was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health of Medicine in 1989. He gained a Ph.D. from the University of Dundee in 1990 with a third thesis: ‘An Epidemiological Study of Coronary Heart disease and its Risk Factors in Scotland: The Scottish Heart Health Study’. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1992.

    From October 1996 he has been Professor and Head of the Department of Public Health, at the University of Aberdeen. He is an Honorary Consultant in Public Health Medicine on the Grampian Health Board, and the Established Chair of Public Health and Deputy Head of the School of Medicine. He is an integral member of a number of local (University and NHS), national, and international medical committees that address issues of public health. Amongst these, Leprosy features prominently.

    From August 1990 to October 1994 Smith was Director for South East Asia for Leprosy Mission International. From 1995 to 1999 he Chaired a commission for the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations and also for a WHO task force to monitor and evaluate the Global Leprosy Programme. During the same years he was a member of the WHO Leprosy Elimination Advisory Committee and a WHO Steering Group on Special Action Projects, and between 1996 and 2000, coordinated an international collaborative research project on the mucosal immunology of M. Leprae infection, funded by the European Commission.

    In 2000-1 Smith was a panel member for a NIH committee on leprosy research in the post genomic era and in 2002-3 he was Chairman of the World Bank Tropical Disease Scientific Working Group on Leprosy Research.

    Since 1997 he has been on the WHO Expert Advisory Panel and the Committee on Leprosy and on the Editorial Board of Leprosy Review.

    Smith is a member of numerous professional scientific bodies, including the International Leprosy Association (of which he was Vice President from 1998 - 2002),

    Society for Social Medicine, the International Society and Federation of Cardiology and the International Epidemiological Association. He has been a Board Member of the Faculty of Public Health since 2003.

    In 2003 he also became a Member of the Institute of Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, and the following year became an Honorary member of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland.

    Research Institute(s) associated with:
    Aberdeen Leprosy Research Programme, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom

    Publications

    1. Smith W C S. Screening for diabetes mellitus in leprosy patients with complicated ulcers. Lepr India 1979;51:236-8.
    2. Smith W C S. Tetanus infection in patients with leprosy. Lepr India 1980;52:536-9.
    3. Smith W C S, Antin U S, Patole A R. Disability in leprosy: a relevant measurement of progress in leprosy control. Rev 1980;51:155-66.
    4. Smith W C S, Small R G. Acute hepatitis B in Tayside, 1977-1982. Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Weekly Report 1982;16 (No. 42):7-11.
    5. Smith W C S, Small R G, Dunkerley R A, Green D M. Herd immunity to poliovirus in Dundee. Health Bulletin 1982;40:296-305.
    6. Smith W C S. Chemotherapy of leprosy. Lancet 1982;2:490.
    7. Smith W C S, Small R G. Salmonella infection from pet terrapins. Communicable Diseases Scotland 1983;17(3):7-8.
    8. Smith W C S. Hepatitis B vaccine: whether and how to use it. Comm Med 1983;5:295-301.
    9. Smith W C S. Hepatitis B virus infection: mortality, morbidity and the cost to the Health Service in Scotland. Infect 1983;7:231-235.
    10. Smith W C S, Knox J D E. Assessment of the immunisation status of practice children under five years of age. J R Coll Gen Pract 1984;34:160-162.
    11. Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. European regional variations in cardiovascular mortality. Br Med Bull 1984;40:374-379.
    12. Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Crombie I K. End of static decade for coronary heart disease? (letter) Br Med J 1984;2:1455.
    13. Smith W C S. Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis. (letter) Lancet 1985; 1:174.
    14. Smith W C S. Lipids and leprosy. (letter) Lepr Rev 1985;56:82.
    15. Cunningham J C, Smith W C S, Knox J D E. Use of questionnaire in general practice to increase recognition of patients with excessive alcohol consuption. Br Med J 1985;2:412
    16. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Campion P D, Knox J D E. Comparison of response rates to a postal questionnaire from a general practice and a research unit. Br Med J 1985;291:1483-1485.
    17. Fee W M, Briscoe C, Crombie I K, Irving J M, Smith W C S, Threapleton L, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Dundee school children in 1964 and 1984. Comm Med 1985;7:283-288.
    18. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Campion P D, Knox J D E. Comparison of response rates to a postal questionnaire from a general practice and a research unit. (letter) Br Med J 1986;292:140-141.
    19. Smith W C S. Hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone. Lepr Rev 1986;57:179-180.
    20. Smith W C S, Parkhe S M. Disability assessment as a measure of progress in leprosy control. Lepr Rev 1986;57:251-259.
    21. Smith W C S, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Simplified subcutaneous fat biopsy for nutritional surveys. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 1986;40C:323-325.
    22. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Crombie I K, Smith W C S. Levels and trends of coronary disease mortality in Scotland with other countries. Health Bulletin 1986;44:153-161.
    23. Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Geographical variation in coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland. Health Bulletin 1986;44:193-202.
    24. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Thomson M. Polyunsaturated fat and coronary heart disease. (Letter) Lancet 1986;2:344-345.
    25. Smith W C S. A multicentre evaluation of a questionnaire to assess ability in the diagnosis of leprosy. Lepr Rev 1987;58:141-148.
    26. Smith W C S, Crombie I K. Coronary heart disease and water hardness in Scotland - is there a relationship? J Comm Health 1987;41:227-228.
    27. Crombie I K, McLoone P, Smith W C S, Thomson M, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. International differences in coronary disease mortality and consumption of fish and other foodstuffs. Eur Heart J 1987;8:560-563.
    28. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R, Irving J M, Kenicer M B, Tunstall-Pedoe H. The Scottish Heart Health Study objectives and development of methods. Health Bulletin 1987:45:211-217
    29. Irving J M, Clark E C, Crombie I K, Smith W C S. Evaluation of a portable measure of expired air monoxide. Preventive Medicine 1987;17:109-115.
    30. Smith W C S. Are hypersensitivity reactions to becoming more frequent? Lepr Rev 1988;59:53-58.
    31. Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tavendale R, Clark E C, TunstallPedoe H D. The effect of venous occlusion in the of biochemical risk factors for coronary heart disease.(letter) Lancet 1987;2:975.
    32. Crombie IK, Smith WC, Tavendale RT, Clark EC, Tunstall-Pedoe HD.
    33. Venous occlusion and estimation of serum constituents. (Letter) Lancet.
    34. 1987;2:975.
    35. Smith WC. Are hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone becoming more frequent? Lepr Rev. 1988;59:53-8.
    36. Cree I A, Smith W C S, Rees R J W, Swanson Beck J. The influence of anti-mycobacterial chemotherapy in delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactions in leprosy patients. Lepr Rev 1988;59:145-151.
    37. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tunstall Pedoe H D, Tavendale R, Riemersma R. Cardiovascular risk factor profile and mortality in two Scottish cities. Acta Med Scand 1988;Suppl 728:113-118.
    38. Cree I A, Smith W C S, Beck J S. Serum antibody responses to mycobacteria in leprosy patients and their contacts. Lepr Rev 1988;59:317-327.
    39. Smith W C S. Field diagnosis of leprosy. (letter) Lepr Rev 1988;59:188.
    40. Cree I A, Sharpe S, Sturrock N D C, Cochrane I H, Dawlako E , Smith W C S, Beck J S. Mucosal immunity to in leprosy patients and their contacts. Lepr 1988;59:309-316.
    41. Crombie I K, Clark E C, Smith W C S. Assessment of an automatic blood pressure recorder (Copal UA-251) under survey conditions. Med Biol Eng and Computing 1988;26:663-664.
    42. Lowe G D O, Smith W C S, Tunstall Pedoe H D, Crombie I K, Lennie S E, Anderson J, Barbenel J C. Cardiovascular and Haemorheology - results from the Scottish Heart Health Study and the MONICA project in Glasgow. Clin 1988;8:517-524.
    43. Lafferty M E, Isles C G, MacLeod J A J, McLenachan J M, Lever A F, Tunstall Pedoe H D, Smith W C S. High blood pressure in the Western Isles: a comparative study with Dundee. J Human Hypertension 1988;2:97-102.
    44. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R, Gulland S K, Tunstall Pedoe H. Urinary electrolyte excretion, alcohol and blood pressure in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Med J 1988;2:329-330.
    45. Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Irving J M, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Experience with general practitioner lists as a sampling frame for a survey of cardiovascular risk factors. The Statistician 1989;38:25-31
    46. Crombie I K, Kenicer M B, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Unemployment, socioenvironmental factors, and coronary heart disease in Scotland. Br Heart J 1989;61:172-177.
    47. Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Maryon Davis A, Evans A E, Graham J M, Yarnell J. Development of coronary prevention strategies by Health Authorities in the United Kingdom. Community Medicine 1989;11:108-115.
    48. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, Tavendale R. How often that high graphs of serum cholesterol. Lancet 1989;1:540-542.
    49. Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Maryon Davis A, Evans A E, Blood cholesterol: is population screening warranted in the UK. Lancet 1989;1:372-373.
    50. Smith W C S, Brown C A, Crombie I K. Prevalence of a of hepatitis B infection in the Scottish adult population. Communicable Diseases Scotland 1989;18:6-8.
    51. Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tunstall-Pedoe H D, Groden B, McHardy J. Ayrshire and Arran coronary prevention programme: baseline risk factor survey. Health Bulletin 1989;47:227-233.
    52. Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Crombie I K, Tavendale R. Concomitants of excess coronary deaths - major risk factor and lifestyle findings from 10 359 men and women in Scottish Heart Health Study. Scot Med J 1989;34:550-555.
    53. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R. Coronary risk factor and lifestyle variation across Scotland: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scot Med J 1989;34:556-560.
    54. Smith W C S, Lee A J, Crombie I K, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Control of blood in Scotland - the rule of halves. Br Med J 1990:1;981-983.
    55. Smith W C S, Shewry M C, Tunstall-Pedoe H D, Crombie I K, Tavendale R. Cardiovascular disease in Edinburgh and North Glasgow - a tale of two cities. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:637-643.
    56. Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Geographical clustering of risk factors and lifestyle for coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990;64:199-203.
    57. Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Tunstall-Pedoe H D, Clark E C, Crombie I K. Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Scotland: Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990;64:295-298.
    58. Cree I A, Smith W C S, Swanson Beck J. A quantitative study of the relationship between system and histological parameters of immunity in individual leprosy patients. Int J Lepr 1990;58:347-352.
    59. Woodward M, Shewry M C, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Coronary heart and socio-economic factors in Edinburgh and North Glasgow. The Statistician 1990;39:319-329.
    60. Lee A J, Smith W C S, Lowe G D O, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Plasma fibrinogen coronary risk factors: the Scottish Heart Health Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:913-919.
    61. Lee A J, Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Alcohol consumption and unemployment among men: the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br J Addiction 1990;85:1165-1170.
    62. Shewry M C, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Morrison C, Smith W C S. Smoking and housing tenure in Scottish MONICA: examples of modified case-control analysis. Revue d'Epidemiologic et Sante Publique 1990;38:473-477.
    63. Smith W C S. Diagnostic methodology for detection of homocysteinaemia - epidemiologist's comments. In: Homocysteinaemia and vascular disease. Proceedings of an EC Comac Epidemiology Expert Group Workshop. Ed Robinson K. Dublin, European Communities - Commission EUR 12834, 1990.
    64. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S. Cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1990;46:1075-1087.
    65. Crombie I K, Lee A J, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Levels and social patterns of self-reported physical activity in Scotland. Health Education Journal 1990;49:130-136.
    66. Bolton-Smith C, Smith W C S, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Nutrient intakes of different social class groups:results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br J Nutr 1991;65:321-335.
    67. Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, Tavendale R. Smoking characteristics and inhalation biochemistry in the Scottish Population. J Clin Epidemiol 991;44:1405-1410.
    68. Bolton-Smith C, Casey C E, Gey K F, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Antioxidant vitamin intakes assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire: correlation with biochemical status in smokers and non-smokers. Br J Nutr 1991;65:337-346.
    69. Brown C A, Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Impact of quitting smoking on symptoms of bronchitis: results of the Scottish Heart Health Study. Thorax 1991;46:112-116.
    70. Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H Dietary and non-dietary predictors of serum total and HDL-cholesterol in men and women: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:95-104.
    71. Woodward M, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Bias missing values: sex differences in implication of venepuncture for the Scottish Heart Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:379-383.
    72. Mutch W J, Smith W C S, Scott R F. A screening and questionnaire for parkinsonism. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:150-156.
    73. Brown C A, Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe. Cigarette tar content and symptoms of chronic bronchitis: results from the Scottich Heart Health Study. J Epidemiol and Community Health 1991;45:287-90.
    74. Smith W C S, Woodward M, Brown C A, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Intermittent claudication - prevalence and risk factors in men and women in Scotland. In: Fowkes F G R, ed. Epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease. Springer, London 1991:117-123.
    75. Lee A J, Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe. Cigarette smoking and employment status. Social Sci Med, 1991;33:1309-1312.
    76. Woodward M, Shewry M C, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Social status and coronary heart disease: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Preventive Medicine 1992;21:136-148.
    77. Smith W C S, Lowe G D O, Lee A J, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Rheological determinants of blood pressure in a Scottish adult population. J Hypertension 1992;10:467-472.
    78. Lee AJ, Lowe GD, Smith WCS, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Plasma fibrinogen: its relationship with oral contraceptives, the menopause, and hormone replacement therapy. Clin Biochem 1992;25:403-405.
    79. Smith W C S. Epidemiology of disability in leprosy including risk factors. Lepr Rev 1992;63 Supplement:23-30.
    80. Shewry M C, Smith W C S, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Variation in coronary risk factors by social status: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br J General Practice 1992;42:406-410.
    81. Lowe GDO, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Smith WCS, Tunstall-Pedoe HD. Epidemiology of haematocrit, white cell count, red cell aggregration, and fibrinogen: the Glasgow MONICA Study. Clin Haematol 1992;12:535-544.
    82. Alzahrami H, Lowe GDO, Douglas JT, Cuschieri R, Pollock JG, Smith WCS. Increased fibrin turnover in peripheral arterial disease: comparison with a population study. Clin Haemorheology 1992;12:867-872.
    83. Tavendale R, Lee AJ, Smith WCS, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Adipose tissue fatty acids in Scottish men and women: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Atherosclerosis 1992;94:161-169.
    84. Smith W C S, Mutch W J. Time trends and geographical variation in Parkinson's disease in Scotland. Scot Med 1992; 37:112-115.
    85. Smith W C S, Jesudasan K. The elimination of leprosy and prospects for rehabilitation. Lancet 1993;341:89-90.
    86. Lee AJ, Lowe GD, Smith WCS, Tunstall-Pedoe. Plasma fibrinogen in women: relationships with oral contraception, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy. Br J Haematol 1993;83:616-621.
    87. Smith W C S. Prevention of stroke and coronary heart disease: the role of family medicine in Singapore. Singapore Family Physician 1994;20:140-145.
    88. Seow A, Wong ML, Smith WCS, Lee HP. Beliefs and attitudes as determinants of cervical cancer screening: a community-based study in Singapore. Prev Med 1995;24:134-141.
    89. Jakeman P, Smith WCS. Thalidomide in leprosy reaction. Lancet 1994;343:432-433.
    90. Jakeman P, Smith WCS. Evaluation of a multidrug therapy programme of leprosy control. Lepr Rev 1994;65:289-296.
    91. Richardus JH, Smith WC. The risk of standardised regimens of corticosteroids for the treatment of leprosy reactions in the field.(Letter) Lepr Rev. 1995;66:328-9.
    92. Smith WCS, Zhang GC, Zheng TS, Watson JM, Lehman LF, Lever P. Prevention of impairment in leprosy: results from a collaborative project in China. Int J Lepr 1995;63:507-517
    93. Smith WCS. Is there a decline in leprosy publications and research? Lepr Rev 1996;67:1-3
    94. Smith WCS. Prevention of disability - development of guidelines. Lepr Rev 1996;67:68-72 (French: Acta Leprologica 1996;10:85-88)
    95. Zhang G, Zheng T, Li W, Yan L, Jiang J, Wei X, Smith WC, Watson JM, Jakeman P. Prevention of disability and rehabilitation--results from a collaborative project in China. Chin Med Sci J. 1996;11:136-41.
    96. Croft R, Richardus JH, Smith WC. The effectiveness of corticosteroids in the treatment of long-term nerve function impairment. Lepr Rev. 1996;67:342-3.
    97. Smith WCS. Optimism justified but realism indispensable. World Health Forum 1996;17:122-124.
    98. Smith BH, Chambers WA, Smith WCS. Chronic pain: a time for epidemiology. J Roy Soc Med 1996;89:181-183
    99. Richardus JH, Finlay KM, Croft RP, Smith WCS. Nerve function impairment in leprosy at diagnosis and at completion of MDT: a retrospective cohort study of 786 patients in Bangladesh. Lepr Rev 1996;67:297-305.
    100. Noordeen SK, Roxas MG, Fine PE, Smith WCS, Feenstra P, Gokhale SD, Joo LK, Huan-Ying L, Khalafalla G, Becx-Bleumink M, Srinivasan H, Rao CK, Lechat MF, Sansarricq H. Eliminating leprosy as a public health problem – is the optimism justified? World Health Forum 1996;17:109-144.
    101. Smith WCS, W Van Brakel. Research needs related to disabilities and rehabilitation. Int J Lepr 1997; 64 (suppl):S52-S55
    102. Smith WCS, Samson PD. Adapting leprosy programmes after MDT implementation. Trop Doctor 1997;27:193-194.
    103. Smith BH, Penny K, Purves AM, Munro C, Wilson B, Grimshaw J, Chambers WA, Smith WCS. The chronic pain grade questionnaire: validation and reliability in postal research. Pain 1997;71:141-147
    104. Smith WCS. We need to know what is happening to the incidence of leprosy. Lepr Rev 1997;68:195-200.
    105. Ramaprasad P, Fernando A, Madhale S, Rao JR, Edward VK, Samson PD, Klatser PR, de Wit MYL, Smith, Cree IA. Transmission and protection in leprosy: indications of the role of mucosal immunity. Lepr Rev 1997;68:301-315.
    106. Croft RP, Richardus JH, Smith WCS. Field treatment of acute nerve function impairment in leprosy using a standardised corticosteroid regimen – first year’s experience with 100 patients. Lepr Rev 1997;68:316-325.
    107. Purves AM, Penny KI, Munro C, Smith BH, Grimshaw J, Wilson, Smith WC, Chambers WA. Defining chronic pain for epidemiological research – assessing a subjective definition. Pain Clinic 1998;10:139-147.
    108. Croft RP, Smith WCS, Nicholls P, Richardus JH. Sensitivity and specificity of methods of classification of leprosy without use of skin smear examination. Int J Lepr 1998;66:445-450.
    109. Smith WCS. Quality patient care in prevention of disabilities. Hansenologia Internationalis 1998;23:31-34.
    110. Cree IA, Smith WCS. Leprosy transmission and mucosal immunity: towards eradication. Lepr Rev 1998;69:112-121.
    111. World Health Organisation. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy WHO Tech Rep Series 1998;874. (Smith WCS – Rapporteur)
    112. Smith WCS, Bourne D, Squair J, Phillips DO, Chambers WA. A retrospective cohort study of post mastectomy pain syndrome. Pain 1999;83:91-95.
    113. Elliot AM, Smith BH, Penny KI, Smith WCS, Chambers WA. The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. Lancet 1999;354:1248-52.
    114. Croft RP, Richardus JH, Nicholls PG, Smith WCS. Nerve function impairment in leprosy: design, methodology, and intake status of a prospective cohort study of 2664 new leprosy cases in Bangladesh (The Bangladesh Acute Nerve Damage Study) Lepr Rev 1999;70:140-159.
    115. McCartney CJL, Charles DHM, Cooper GG, Chambers WA, Smith WCS. Pain and disability following lower limb amputation – a quantitative and qualitative study. Pain Clinic 1999;11:293-300.
    116. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Anderson SAM, van Brakel WH, Smith WCS, Richardus JH. Effect of prophylactic corticosteroids on the incidence of reactions in newly diagnosed multibacillary leprosy patients (letter) Int J Lepr 1999;67:75-77.
    117. Smith WCS. Disease and disease control – workshop report. Lepr Rev 1999;70:78-84.
    118. Penny KI, Purves AM, Smith BH, Chambers WA, Smith WCS. Relationship between the chronic pain grade and measures of physical, social and psychological well-being. Pain 1999;79:275-279.
    119. Smith WC, Smith CM. Preventive treatment of leprosy: needs, opportunities, and feasibility. Int J Lepr 1999;67:S38-44. Smith WC. Future scope and expectations: why, when, and how LECs should continue. Lepr Rev. 1999;70:498-505.
    120. Croft RP, Nicholls P, Anderson AM, van Brakel WH, Smith WC, Richardus JH. Effect of prophylactic corticosteroids on the incidence of reactions in newly diagnosed multibacillary leprosy patients. Int J Lepr 1999;67:75-7.
    121. Baxter-Jones ADG, Cardy AH, Helms PJ, Phillips DO, Smith WCS. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on growth in infancy: the 1921 Aberdeen Birth Cohort. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:5-9.
    122. Smith WCS. Hypertension in the elderly: an opportunity to improve health. Proc Roy Coll Physicians Edinb 1999;29:211-213.
    123. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Richardus JH, Smith WC. Incidence rates of acute nerve function impairment in leprosy: a prospective cohort analysis after 24 months. Lepr Rev 2000;71:18-33
    124. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Steyerberg EW, Richardus JH, Smith WCS. A clinical prediction rule for nerve function impairment in leprosy patients. Lancet 2000;355:1603-1606.
    125. Smith WC. Implementing guidelines for socio-economic rehabilitation. Lepr Rev. 2000;71:420-1.
    126. Smith WC. Review of current research in the prevention of nerve damage in leprosy. Lepr Rev. 2000 ;71 Suppl:S138-45.
    127. Smith CM, Smith WC. Current understanding of disability prevention. Indian J Lepr. 2000;72:393-9.
    128. Elliott AM, Smith BH, Smith WC, Chambers WA. Changes in chronic pain severity over time: the Chronic Pain Grade as a valid measure. Pain. 2000;88:303-8.
    129. Smith CM, Smith WC. Chemoprophylaxis is effective in the prevention of leprosy in endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MILEP2 Study Group. Mucosal Immunology of Leprosy. J Infect. 2000;41:137-42.
    130. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Richardus JH, Smith WCS. Tratemiento del deterioro agudo de la funcion neural en la lepra: resultado de un estudio propectivo de cohorte en Bangladesh. Revista de leprologia 2000;12:463-480.
    131. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Richardus JH, Smith WC. The treatment of acute nerve function impairment in leprosy: results from a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh. Lepr Rev. 2000;71:154-68.
    132. Perry A. Capewell S. Walker A. Chalmers J. Redpath A. Major K. Morrison CE. Craig N. Cobbe S. Smith WC. Measuring the costs and benefits of heart disease monitoring. Heart 2000;83:651-6.
    133. Smith BH, Penny KI, Elliott AM, Chambers WA, Smith WC. The Level of Expressed Need--a measure of help-seeking behaviour for chronic pain in the community. Eur J Pain. 2001;5:257-66.
    134. Smith CM, Smith WCS. Analisis del impacto de la investigacion marchando la differencia. Revista de leprologia 2001;73-79.
    135. Smith BH, Elliott AM, Chambers WA, Smith WC, Hannaford PC, Penny K. The impact of chronic pain in the community. Fam Pract. 2001;18:292-9.
    136. Jadhav RS. Macdonald M. Bjune G. Oskam L. MILEP2 Study Group. Simplified PCR detection method for nasal Mycobacterium leprae. Int J Lepr 2001;69:299-307.
    137. Poobalan AS, Bruce J, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukowski ZH, Smith WC. Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1122-6.
    138. Elliott AM, Smith BH, Hannaford PC, Smith WC, Chambers WA. The course of chronic pain in the community: results of a 4-year follow-up study. Pain. 2002;99:299-307.
    139. Metcalfe W, Simpson M, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, Simpson K, Smith WC, MacLeod AM. Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome. QJM. 2002;95:579-83.
    140. Smith CM, Smith WC. Leprosy at the cutting edge: 2000 to 2005, and beyond. Trop Doct. 2002;32:46-8.
    141. Elliott AM, Smith BH, Hannaford PC, Smith WC, Chambers WA. Assessing change in chronic pain severity: the chronic pain grade compared with retrospective perceptions. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:269-74.
    142. ILA Technical Forum. Report of the International Leprosy Association Technical Forum. Lepr Rev 2002;73 (supplement):S1-62.
    143. ILA Technical Forum. Report of the International Leprosy Association Technical Forum. Int J Lepr 2002;70 (supplement):S1-62
    144. ILA Technical Forum. Report of the International Leprosy Association Technical Forum. Indian J Lepr 2002;74 (Supplement):S1 - 93
    145. Smith WCS, Smith WCS, Nicholls PG. Social, psychological and behavioural research in leprosy.  Annex to the Report of the Scientific Working Group in Leprosy, 2002.  WHO, Geneva, 2002.
    146. Nicholls PG, Smith WCS. Developments and trends in rehabilitation in leprosy.  Selected Readings in CBR, Series 2, CBR in Transition, Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal.  2002, 92-99.
    147. Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WC, King PM, Krukowski ZH, Chambers WA. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:48-54.
    148. Smith WCS. International Leprosy Congress 2002 – lessons learned. Lepr Rev 2003;74:7-10.
    149. Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Steyerberg EW, Richardus JH, Withington SG, Smith WCS. A clinical prediction rule for nerve function impairment in leprosy patients – revisited after 5 years of follow-up. Lepr Rev 2003;74:35-41.
    150. Brenda J Wilson, M Stuart Watson, Gordon J Prescott, Sarah Sunderland, Doris M Campbell, Philip Hannaford, W Cairns S Smith. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and the risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from a cohort study. Br Med J 2003;326:845-849.
    151. Dawson SI, Smith WCS, Watson MS, Wilson BJ, Prescott GJ, Campbell D, Hannaford P. A cohort study of reproductive risk factos, weight and weight change and the development of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2003;5:244-250.
    152. Scotland GS, van Teijlingen E, van der Pol, M, Smith WCS. A review of economic models assessing the costs and consequences of interventions to reduce mother to child HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2003;17:1045-52.
    153. Bruce J, Drury N, Poobalan AS, Jeffery RR, Smith WCS, Chambers WA. The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study. Pain 2003;104:265-273.
    154. Smith WCS. International Leprosy Congress 2002 – lessons learned. Leprosy Review 2003: 74:7-10.
    155. McNeill G, Tuya C, Campbell DM, Haggarty P, Smith WCS, Masson LF, Cumming A, Broom I, Haites N. Blood pressure in relation to birth weight in twins and singleton controls matched for gestational age. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003: 158:150-5.
    156. Nicholls PG, Wiens C, Smith WCS. Delay in presentation in the context of local knowledge and attitude towards leprosy – The results of qualitative fieldwork in Paraguay. Int J Lepr 2003;71:198-209.
    157. Beyene D, Aseffa A, Harboe M, Kidane D, Macdonald M, Klatser PR, Bjune GA, Smith WCS. Nasal carriage of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in healthy individuals in Lega Robi village, Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2003:131:841-848.
    158. Vickers M, Ford I, Morrison R, Prescott G, Watson S, Hannaford P, Smith C, Campbell D, Greaves M. Markers of endothelial activation and atherothrombosis in women with history of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:1192-97.
    159. Nicholls PG, Croft RP, Richardus JH, Withington SG, Smith WCS. Delay in presentation, an indicator for nerve function status at registration and for treatment outcome – the experience of the Bangladesh Acute Nerve Damage Study cohort. Lepr Rev 2003;74:349-356.
    160. Richardus JH, Withington SG, Croft RP, Nicholls PG, van Brakel WH, Smith WCS. Adverse events of standardized regimens of corticosteroids for prophylaxis and treatment of nerve function impairment in leprosy: results from the TRIPOD trials. Lepr Rev, 2003;74:319-327.
    161. van Brakel WH, Anderson AM, Withington SG, Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Richardus JH, Smith WCS. The prognostic importance of detecting mild sensory impairment in leprosy: a randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 2). Lepr Rev 2003;74:300-310.
    162. Richardus JH, Withington SG, Anderson AM, Croft RP, Nicholls PG, van Brakel WH, Smith WCS. Treatment with corticosteroids of long-standing nerve function impairment in leprosy: a randomised controlled trial (TRIPOD 3). Lepr Rev 2003;74;311-318.
    163. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS. Weight loss in obese diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and long term diabetes outcome - a systematic review . Journal of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2004;6:85-94.
    164. Bruce J, Poobalan AS, Smith WCS, Chambers WA. Quantitative assessment of chronic postsurgical pain using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Clin J Pain 2004;20:70-75
    165. Russell EM, Smith WCS. Whose health is it anyway?: enabling participation. J Epidemiol and Community Health 2003:57:762-63.
    166. Poobalan AS, Aucott L, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J, Grant AM. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term lipid outcomes – a systematic review. Obesity Reviews 2004;5:43-50.
    167. Aucott L, Poobalan AS, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J, Grant AM. Weight loss in obese diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and long-term diabetes outcomes – a systematic review. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2004;6:85-94.
    168. Henderson R, Oates K, Macdonald H, Smith WCS, Selvaraj S. Factors influencing the uptake of childhood immunization in rural areas. Br J General Practice 2004;54:114-118.
    169. Richardus JH, Nicholls PG, Croft RP, Withington SG, Smith WCS. Incidence of acute nerve function impairment and reactions in leprosy: a prospective cohort analysis after 5 years of follow-up. Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:337-343.
    170. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, Poobalan A, Aucott L, Stearns SC, Smith WCS, Jung RT, Campbell MK, Grant AM. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. NHS Health Technology Assessment 2004; 8:21. ( http://www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/index.htm )
    171. Smith WCS, Anderson AM, Withington SG, van Brakel WH, Croft RP, Nicholls PG, Richardus JH. Steroid prophylaxis for the prevention of nerve function impairment in leprosy: a randomised placebo controlled trial (TRIPOD 1) Brit Med J 2004;328: and On-line First BMJ.com
    172. Meima A, Smith WCS, van Oortmarssen GJ, Richardus JH, Habbema JDF. The future incidence of leprosy: a scenario analysis. Bull WHO 2004;82:373-380.
    173. Smith BH, Elliott, Hannaford PC, Chambers WA., Smith WCS. Factors related to the onset and persistence of chronic back pain in the community: results from a general population follow-up study. Spine 2004;29:1032-1040.
    174. Smith WCS. What Is the Best Way to Use BCG to Protect against Leprosy: When, for Whom, and How Often? Int J Lepr 2004;72:48-49.
    175. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, Campbell MK, Grant AM, Broom J, Jung RT, Smith WCS. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? Systematic review of randomized controlled trils of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2004;17:293-316.
    176. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, Campbell MK, Grant AM, Broom J, Jung RT, Smith WCS. What are the long-term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2004;17:317-335.
    177. McNeill G, Tuya C, Smith WCS. The role of genetic and environmental factors in the association between birth weight and blood pressure: evidence from meta-analysis of twin studies. Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:995-1001.
    178. Smith WCS, Smith CM, Cree IA, Jadhav RS, Macdonald M, Edward VK, Oskam L, van Beers S, Klaster P. An approach to understanding the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae using molecular and immunological methods: results from the MILEP2 study. Int J Lepr 2004;72:269-277.
    179. Moffat M. Sinclair HK. Cleland JA. Smith WC. Taylor RJ. Epidemiology teaching: student and tutor perceptions. Medical Teacher 2004: 26;691-5.
    180. Henderson R. Oates K. Macdonald H. Smith WC. General practitioners' concerns about childhood immunisation and suggestions for improving professional support and vaccine uptake. Communicable Disease & Public Health 2004:4;260-6.
    181. MacDonald L. Bruce J. Scott NW. Smith WC. Chambers WA. Long-term follow-up of breast cancer survivors with post-mastectomy pain syndrome. British Journal of Cancer 2005:92;225-30.
    182. Nicholls PG, Chhina N, Bro AK, Barkataki P, Kumar R, Withington SG, Smith WCS. Factors contributing to delay in diagnosis and start of treatment of leprosy: analysis of help-seeking narratives in northern Bangladesh and in West Bengal, India. Lepr Rev 2005;76:35-47.
    183. Smith BH, Hannaford PC, Elliott AM, Smith WCS, Chambers WA. The ‘number needed to sample’ in primary care research. Comparison of two primary care sampling frames for chronic back pain. Family Practice 2005;22:205-14.
    184. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes. Hypertension 2005;45:1035-41.
    185. Ross L, Simkhada P, Smith WCS. Evaluating effectiveness of complex interventions aimed at reducing maternal mortality in developing countries. J Public Health 2005.
    186. Elliott AM, Aucott LS, Hannaford PC, Smith WC. Weight change in adult life and health outcomes. Obesity Research 2005; 13: 1784-1792.
    187. Sundar Rao PSS, Sugamaran DST, Richard J, Smith WCS .Multi-centre, double blind, randomised trial of three steroid regimens in the treatment of type-1 reactions in leprosy. Lepr Rev In press March 2006
    188. Feenstra P, Huang TH, Ky L, Mahotarn K, Noordeen SK, Rao PS, Settinayake S, Jinping S, Smith WCS, Yuasa Y. Strategy to sustain leprosy services following elimination in Asia and the Pacific. WHO, 2005.
    189. Taylor KSM, Counsell CE, Harris CE, Gordon JC, Smith WCS. A pilot study of the incidence and prognosis of degenerative parkinsonian disorders in Aberdeen, UK: methods and preliminary results. Accepted November 2005.

    Abstracts, Books and Other Publications

    • Herd immunity to polioviruses in Dundee - 15 year olds (1982) Thesis for the degree of Master of Public Health, Dundee University Library.
    • Herd immunity to polioviruses in Dundee. (1982) Thesis for the Diploma of Membership of the Faculty of Community Medicine.
    • Gaps in Immunisation. Medikasset 1985;20:3
    • Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Irving J M, Kenicer M B, Tunstall-Pedoe H D, Tavendale R. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Eur Heart J 1985;6(Suppl 1):105.
    • Tunstall-Pedoe H D, Smith W C S, Symmers W, Watt G, Kenicer M, Crombie I K, Irving M. Coronary heart disease in Scotland and the programme of the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit in Dundee. Eur Heart J 1985; 6(Suppl 1):7
    • Evaluation of a leprosy control programme in India. (1986) Thesis for MD, Aberdeen University Library.
    • Crombie I K, McLoone P, Thomson M, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Comparison of international differences in food consumption and coronary heart disease with particular reference to fish consumption. Eur Heart J 1986:7(Suppl 1):3.
    • Smith W C S, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Simplified fat biopsy method for use in epidemiological surveys. EurHeart J 1986;7(Suppl 1):21.
    • Smith W C S, Tavendale R, Clark E C, Crombie I K, TunstallPedoe H. The effect of venous occlusion on risk factors for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart 1986;7(Suppl 1):22.
    • Crombie I K, Smith W C S, Tunstall-Pedoe H. The geographical distribution of heart disease in Scotland and its relationship to social and environmental factors. Eur Heart J 1986:7(Suppl 1):41.
    • Smith W C S. Book Review - Public Health and Medicine. Int J Epidemiol 1986;15;443.
    • Tunstall Pedoe H, Smith W C S. Multiple Choice Questions in Epidemiology and Community Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, 1987
    • Smith W C S. Book Review - Urinary Tract Infection. J Epidemiol, 1987.
    • Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R, Irving J M, Tunstall Pedoe H D. Dietary salt, urinary salt excretion and pressure in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Eur Heart J 1987;8 (Suppl 2):60.
    • WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators. The WHO project: Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:105-114.
    • WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators. Geographical variation in the major risk factors of coronary heart disease in men and women aged 35-64 years. WHO Quarterly Statistics 1988;41:115-140.
    • Smith W C S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H D. Blood pressure: geographical variation and determinants in the Scottish Heart Health Study. J Hypertension 1988 Abstacts of Annual Scientific Meeting):8.
    • Smith W C S, Kenicer M B, Maryon Davis A, Evans A E, Graham J M, Yarnell J. Coronary prevention programmes in the Kingdom: state of the art in 1988. Faculty of Community Medicine/Health Education Authority.
    • Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. Guidelines for health promotion No. 14, 1989.
    • Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, Tavendale R. management algorithms and British serum cholesterol concentrations: implications of the Scottish Heart Health and MONICA Studies. Br Heart J 1989;61:460-61.
    • Scottish Health Service Advisory Council. Prevention of coronary heart disease in Scotland. Report of the working group on prevention and health promotion. Edinburgh HMSO,1990.
    • Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W C S, A'Brook R. A comparison of coronary heart disease data in England, the United Kingdom and other relevant countries. A report to the Department of Health, London, 1990.
    • Faculty of Public Health Medicine. Control of blood pressure. Guidelines for health promotion No. 24, 1990.
    • Faculty of Public Health Medicine. Coronary heart disease prevention: putting it into practice. Guidelines for health promotion No. 25, 1990.
    • Coronary Prevention Group. Coronary Heart Disease prevention in primary care: making it happen. Workshop Report, Aldgate Press 1991.
    • Smith W C S. The future of leprosy care. Focus (Canada)
    • Smith W C S. Nerves in Leprosy. Partners 1992;24:2-6
    • Smith W C S. Nerves in leprosy - how are nerves damaged. Partners 25: 1993:25
    • Jesudasan K, Smith W C S. What practical difference would very short term therapy make to leprosy control programmes? ALM Chemotherapy of Leprosy - Consensus Development Conference, 1992.
    • Smith WCS. Prevention of disability in leprosy. Acta Leprologica 1996;10:85-88.
    • An Evaluation Report on the National Leprosy Rehabilitation Project in the People’s republic of China. Published by TLM, SEA, Singapore
    • ACMSF Published Annual Reports for 1996, 1997, and 1999
    • ACMSF Report of Microbial Antibiotic Resistance in Relation to Food Safety, Stationary Office, London, 1999
    • The Investigation and Control of Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease in Scotland., Scottish Office, July , 1999
    • Guidelines on The Investigation and Control of Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease in Scotland, Food Standards Agency 2002
    • Report of the First Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. Geneva, 1999
    • Workshop Report – Leprosy research in the post-genome era. Int J Lepr 2000;68:492 – 503
    • Report of the Second Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. New Delhi, 2001
    • Report of the Third Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. Brasilia, 2002
    • Report of the Fourth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. Geneva, 2002
    • Smith WCS. Economic and political influences on health. Chapter in Health and illness in the community. Edited by Taylor R, Smith BH, van Teijlingen E. Oxford University Press, 2002.
    • The epidemiology of acute renal failure in Scotland. Focus on research, Chief Scientist office, 2004
    • Report of the Fifth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. Yangon, 2003
    • Book Review – Concepts of epidemiology – RS Bhopal. JR Coll Physicians Edinb 2004;34:82-84
    • Report of the Sixth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on the Elimination of Leprosy. Geneva, 2004

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